050.317/617 - Introduction to Natural Language Semantics
Fall 2000

M,W 12:00 - 1:30
234 Krieger Hall
 
Instructor: Robert Frank
  Office 233A Krieger Hall
  email rfrank@cogsci.jhu.edu
  Office hours M 2:00-4:00
Teaching assistant: John Hale
  Office 155 Krieger Hall
  email: hale@cogsci.jhu.edu
  Office hours: TBA
 

This course is an introduction to the formal semantics of natural language. We will address both the conceptual and empirical issues that a semantic theory must grapple with, as well as some of the logical machinery that has been developed to deal with such problems. After discussing some foundational questions, we will build up analyses for central phenomena including patterns of inference, quantification, scope ambiguities, and anaphoric dependence, and (time permitting) tense and modality.

   
   
Course Requirements
 

Semantics is not a spectator sport. To learn this material, it is absolutely crucial that you not only attend lectures and do the readings, but also go through the process of constructing formal derivations and experience the joy of coming up with analyses yourself. To stimulate your desire to do this, there will be (roughly) weekly problem sets, worth 60% of the grade. These will be assigned on Wednesday and will be due the following Monday. Since I will discuss these problem sets at the beginning of class on the day they are due, I will not accept any late problem sets. However, each student may drop the grade of one problem set.

Twice during the course (precise dates to be announced), I will give two take-home exams, which will essentially be longer problem sets with broader coverage. Each of these will count for 15% of the grade.

The remaining 10% of the grade will be given on the basis of constructive class participation.

I encourage/implore you to work together with your fellow students on the weekly problem sets (though not on the two take-home exams). However, once you have finished your discussions, I expect you to write up your answers on your own. On the papers you turn it, please feel free to include questions or flag those parts of the assignment about which you are less sure, so that I can have a sense of how you are feeling about the material. And do not hesitate to contact me or the TA if you having difficulties - whether as a result of some topic being unclear or difficult, or my putting too much work on you, or something else. If I find out early, we can do something about it. Otherwise, problems may (and often do) snowball.

 
Reading
 

The primary text for the course will be

Introduction to Natural Language Semantics, Henriëtte de Swart, CSLI Publications, 1998.

This text is available from the bookstore. To a lesser degree, we will make use of readings from other sources, including the following two texts:

Informal Lectures on Formal Semantics, Emmon Bach, SUNY Press, 1989.

Semantics in Generative Grammar, Irene Heim and Angelika Kratzer, Blackwell, 1998.

Mathematical Methods in Linguistics, Barbara Partee, Alice ter Meulen and Robert Wall, Kluwer, 1990.

As I assign additional readings, I will make these available in the glass cabinet of the Cognitive Science reading room (232 Krieger Hall), as well as at the reserve desk of Eisenhower library. Since everyone will need to make use of a limited number of copies of these articles, you should borrow them for as brief a period as possible. I expect that as the term progresses, at least some of the readings will also be made available in PDF format on the library's web site at http://milton.mse.jhu.edu/library/reserves/.

 
Software
 

To help you during the part of the course devoted to learning the basics of first order predicate calculus, we will be making use of the following software package:

Tarski's World 4.0, Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy, CSLI Press, 1993.

This is available at the bookstore in both Macintosh and PC versions.

 
 
(Tentative) Course Outline and (Partial) Reading List
 

This overly ambitious outline will almost certainly be revised depending upon our rate of progress. A partial reading list is provided for certain topics. More will be added during the course of the term.

 
Starting out

What is semantics about? Language and the world. de Swart ch. 1, Bach ch. 1
Desiderata for semantic theory de Swart ch. 2
 
Truth and propositions Syntax and semantics of propositional logic de Swart ch. 3
Patterns of inference, entailment vs. implicature vs.  presupposition Partee et al. ch. 6.4-6.5, Grice (1975), Karttunen (1973)
 
Predication and Quantification Syntax and semantics of FOPC de Swart ch.4
Scope ambiguities in natural language de Swart, ch. 5
Inference with FOPC Tarski's world
 
Building interpretations compositionally Limitations of FOPC de Swart, ch. 7
Putting things together: lambda calculus Heim and Kratzer ch. 2
Types of things Heim and Kratzer ch. 3, Bach ch. 5
Modification: adjectives and relative clauses Heim and Kratzer ch. 4.1-4.3
Definite descriptions and higher order functions Heim and Kratzer ch. 4.4-4.5
Relative clauses and variable binding Heim and Kratzer ch. 5
 
Nominal interpretations Quantifiers Heim and Kratzer, ch.6
Generalized quantifiers de Swart, ch. 8, Bach, ch. 3 and 4
The syntax-semantics interface: quantifier raising Heim and Kratzer, ch. 7,8
 
Intensionality Tense de Swart ch. 9.1, Bach, ch. 2, pp.25-32
Complementation de Swart ch. 9.2-9.4
Modality de Swart ch. 9.5

 
Updated Sep-12-2000